Table of contents

  1. 0. CCNA Exam Questions
  2. 10. Dynamic Roututing
    1. 10.3 OSPF
      1. 10.3.6 Interface and OSPF network types
      2. 10.3.7 OSPF Versioning
    2. 10.4 Configuring OSPF Broadcast on Cicso Router
    3. 10.5 Configuring OSPF (point-to-point) on Cisco Routers
    4. 10.6 Passive interfaces for OSPF and other routing protocols
    5. 10.7 Floating Static Route
    6. 10.8 Configuring Floating Static Route as backup route for OSPF
  3. Simulation
    1. SIMULATION 3: LAB
    2. SIMULATION 15: LAB
  4. Lab 4:
    1. Lab 4a: InterVLAN routing / Router-on-a-stick
    2. Lab 4b: Setting up routing labs
    3. Lab 4c: Static Routing (aka S)
    4. Lab 4d: Staic Default Routing (aka: 0.0.0.0, also S*)
    5. Lab 4e: Static Host Route (Also S same as normal staic route but with 255.255.255.255)
    6. Lab 4f: Configuring basic OSPFv2 Broadcast
    7. Lab 4g: Configuring OSPFv2 point-to-point routing
    8. Lab 4h: Floating static Routing

Lesson 8 - CCNA Fast Track (June, 2025). We left off at page 151.

0. CCNA Exam Questions

  1. Why do we need OSPF?
    • Ans: 2 reasons: To enter other networks, to resolve non-directly connected network
  2. MC : Which port plays OSPF ?
    • Check with sh run idk

  3. Pratical exam: Need to config and verify OSPF

  4. MC might test diagram page 3… if I have the following config, then which IPs will participate OSPF ?
    • en
conf t
router ospf 1
network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.63 area 0
    • Let’s look at the break down
      • IP in decimal is 192.168.0.0
      • IP in binary is 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
      • Wildcard mask in decimal 0.0.0.63
      • Wildcard mask in binary 00000000.00000000.00000000.00111111
      • Recall: 0 (means outcome cannot change), 1 (means outcome can change)
      • Hence the outcome is: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00xxxxxx. Where x is all variables
        • Min value: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00(000000) = 192.168.0.0
        • Max value: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00(111111) = 192.168.0.63
    • Hence these IP 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.63 will participate in OSPF
  5. What is consider a good AD (Administrative Distance)?
    • Ans: The lower the AD, the more likely it’ll get picked
  6. MC: Quite a lot of questions on topics like InterVLAN routing ! (aka: router-on-a-stick)

10. Dynamic Roututing

10.3 OSPF

10.3.6 Interface and OSPF network types

 Ethernet interfaces (e.g. f0/0, g0/0, …)Serial Interfaces (e.g. s0/0/0)
Commonly used inLAN/WANUsually WAN (leased line)
Layer 2 protocols(s)EthernetHDLC/ PPP (Both are out syll)
Default OSPF Network type (Default is changable)BroadcastPoint-to-point
  • 2 ways of configuring OSPF network:

10.3.7 OSPF Versioning

Under format RFC2328, most OSPF is version 2 (v2). But version 2 only supports IPv4. This tech is from the late 90s
If we have OSPF version 3 (v3) (specified in RFC5340) will support IPv6.

10.4 Configuring OSPF Broadcast on Cicso Router

  • Let’s look at the topology:

  • Note: OSPF Area 0 is the backbone, only a single area.

  • Recall how to determine BR and BDR:
    • step 1: OSPF pirority 0 / 1
    • step 2: OSPF Highest Router ID
  • Recall how to determine Router ID:
    • No pre-set router id, verify with do sh run
    • No loopback int on g0/1, g0/0
    • highest physical IP: Router 1 = 192.168.1.1
  • Router 1 setup
  • en
conf t
hostname Router1

int g0/1
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
no shut

int g0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut

end
  • Router 2 setup (Please note OSPF number is unique to it’s own device. Different regions don’t interfere w/ each other.)
  • en
conf t
hostname Router2

int g0/1
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
no shut

int g0/0
ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shut

end
  • Router 2
  • conf t
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
  • Note 1: ospf # must specify a number, but this number can be user defined/ random
  • Note 2: Defining g0/1 so it can broadcast to other networks
  • The end goal is this:
  • Code explaination:
    • router ospf 1 = turns on ospf w/ process number 1 (For CISCO IOS the range must be 1-65535 and must be unqiue w/in internal router)
    • network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 does 3 things
      • Firstly, Router 2’s int of g0/0 w/ IP “192.168.1.x” allow to send + receive OSPF routes + data (地圖碎片)
      • Secondly, Router 2 can propagate (aka 宣傳) routes DIRECTLY connected by router 2’s int with IP of “192.168.1.x”
      • Thirdly, Router 2’s int, the IP network of “192.168.1.x” is defined under OSPF area 0 (Typically single area, you won’t have other areas to choose from)
  • Time to configure Route 1, using wildcard mask
  • en
conf t
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
end

  • Verify Route 1 is indeed picking up the OSPF route via sh ip route & ping 172.16.0.2 from Router 1.

  •     Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
            D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
            N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
            E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
            i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
            ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
            o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
            a - application route
            + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

        Gateway of last resort is not set

            10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
        C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1
        L       10.0.0.1/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1
        O   172.16.0.0/16 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:50:00, GigabitEthernet0/0
            192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
        C       192.168.1.0/24 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0
        L       192.168.1.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0
  • Explanation of the summary:
    • O = source of the route is OSPF
    • [110/2] = AD (Administrative Distance) is 110 since OSPF Route and 2 = OSPF Route Metric

  • Ping will also work :D (Router 1 pinging 172.16.0.2)

  • Verify Router 1 with sh ip ospf int g0/0, showing OSPF Router IP, hello + dead interval, netwrok type, DR/BDR and OSPF Priority
    • State BDR…
            GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
          Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0, Attached via Netwro kStatement
          Process ID 1, Router ID 191.168.1.1 Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
          Topology-MTID       Cost        Disabled        Shutdown        Topology Name
              0                 1             no              no              Base
          Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
          Desinated Router (ID) 192.168.1.2, Interface Address 192.168.1.2
          Backup Designated Router (ID) 192.168.1.1, Interface Address 192.168.1.1
          Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
              oob-resync timeout 40
              Hello due in 00:00:02
          Supports Link-local SIgnaling (LLS)
          Cisco NSF helper support enabled
          IETF NSF helper support enabled
          Index 1/2/2, flood queue length 0
          Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0)
          Last flood scan length 1, maximum is 2
          Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
          Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
              Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.2 (Designated Router)
          Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
  • Further Verification for Router 1: sh ip ospf neighbor
    • Router 1 has neighbor 192.168.1.2 which is FULL state. 192.168.1.2 is DR.
    •   Neighbor ID     Pri     State       Dead Time       Address         Interface
  192.168.1.2     1       FULL/DR     00:00:31        192.168.1.2     GigabitEthernet0/0
    • Recall to the idea of Fullstate
  • Further Verification for Router 2: sh ip ospf neighbor
    • Router 2
    •   Neighbor ID     Pri     State       Dead Time       Address         Interface
  192.168.1.1     1       FULL/BDR    00:00:31        192.168.1.1     GigabitEthernet0/0
  • Verify Router 2 with sh ip ospf int g0/0, showing OSPF Router IP, hello + dead interval, netwrok type, DR/BDR and OSPF Priority
    • State DR
    •   GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
      Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0, Attached via Netwro kStatement
      Process ID 1, Router ID 191.168.1.2 Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
      Topology-MTID       Cost        Disabled        Shutdown        Topology Name
          0                 1             no              no              Base
      Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
      Desinated Router (ID) 192.168.1.2, Interface Address 192.168.1.2
      Backup Designated Router (ID) 192.168.1.1, Interface Address 192.168.1.1
      Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
          oob-resync timeout 40
          Hello due in 00:00:03
      Supports Link-local SIgnaling (LLS)
      Cisco NSF helper support enabled
      IETF NSF helper support enabled
      Index 1/1/1, flood queue length 0
      Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0)
      Last flood scan length 1, maximum is 2
      Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
      Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
          Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.1 (Backup Designated Router)
      Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

10.5 Configuring OSPF (point-to-point) on Cisco Routers

Topology:

  • Rotuer 1 setup
  • en
conf t
hostname Router1

int g0/1
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
no shut

int g0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut

end
  • Router 2 setup
  • en
conf t
hostname Router2

int g0/0
ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shut

int g0/1
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
no shut

end
  • Setup Router 1 point to point.
  • Note: point to point is not default, needs manual setup
  • conf t
int g0/0
ip ospf network point-to-point
end
  • Setup Router 2 point to point. Same as Router 1.
  • Note: point to point is not default, needs manual setup
  • conf t
int g0/0
ip ospf network point-to-point
end
  • Router 1: No different from setting up broadcast OSPF
  • conf t
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
end
  • Router 2: No different from setting up broadcast OSPF
  • conf t
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 171.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
end
  • Okay time to perform a sanity check

    • Note: sh ip route doesn’t show OSPF. dead interval, BDR …… much rather we use sh ip ospf int g0/0 or sh ip ospf neighbor

    • Sanity Check verification on Router 1: sh ip route + ping 172.16.0.2
      • ```text Codes: L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP a - application route
          • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

        Gateway of last resort is not set

          10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks   C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1   L       10.0.0.1/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1   O   172.16.0.0/16 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:27, GigabitEthernet0/0
  192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks   C       192.168.1.0/24 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0   L       192.168.1.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0   ```
    • sh ip ospf int g0/0 point-to-point. As you see, there’s nothing in the list
      •   GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
      Internet Address 192.168.1.1, Area 0, Attached vai Network Statement 
      Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1
      Topology-MTID       Cost        Disabled        Shutdown        Topology Name
    • sh ip ospf neighbor no DR and BDR. Note: It’s full state, so no DR/ BDR!!
      •   Neighbor ID     Pri     State       Dead Time       Address         Interface
  192.168.1.2     0       FULL/-      00:00:37        192.168.1.2     GigabitEthernet0/0
  • Clean up ! clear ip ospf processes to reload and refresh into new configs
  • Remark: to enable OSPF on the int ports you can try ip ospf 1 area 0
    • router ospf 1 and int g0/1 are the same
    • Let’s try ways to enable OSPF on an interface
      • Enabling with router ospf:
        •   en
  conf t
  int g0/1
  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
  no shut
  exit

  router ospf 1
  network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
  end
      • Enabling with interfaces:
        •   en
  conf t
  int g0/1
  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
  no shut
  exit

  int g0/1
  ip ospf 1 area 0
  end
    • Troubleshooting:
      • (1) First ping yourself
      • (2) Ping one’s own default gateway
      • (3) Ping other’s default gateway
      • (4) Ping other people’s IP

10.6 Passive interfaces for OSPF and other routing protocols

  • Intro:
    • Topology:
    • To disable routing updates on an singular interface = no passive-interface g0/0 under router config mode.
    • To disable all interfaces = passive-interface default on global mode

10.7 Floating Static Route

  • Format: ip route <target gateway network> <wildcard mask of target gateway> <Next hop own int> <New AD Number>
  • Intro: Floating Static Route = special static route with customized AD that is NOT 1 (recall: the default AD is 1)
    • Command: ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.2 254. 254 here is the new updated AD. Refer to page 141! Or refer to AD

10.8 Configuring Floating Static Route as backup route for OSPF

  • Topology:
  • Let’s set it up… Note: No need to setup switch since we assume all the interface has the SAME VLAN !!!
    • Step 1a: Setup R1
      •   en
  conf t
  int g0/0
  ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
  no shut
  end
    • Step 1b: Setup R2
      •   en
  conf t

  int g0/0
  ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
  no shut
  end

  int g0/3
  ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
  no shut
  end
    • Step 1c: Step R3
      •   en
  conf t
            
  int g0/0
  ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
  no shut
  end        

  int g0/3
  ip address 172.16.0.3 255.255.0.0
  no shut
  end
    • Step 2: Enable OSPF on R1, R2, R3
      • Step 2a: Setup R1 via wildcard mask
        •   conf t
  router ospf 1
  network 192.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  end
      • Step 2b: Setup R2 via wildcard mask
        •   conf t
  router ospf 1
  network 192.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
  end

      • Er…we’re not setting up R3

      • Step 3: Setup R1 with a static route.
        • The format is: ip route <target underlaying network> <normal mask for> <next hop in R3> <AD Number>
        •   conf t
  ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.3 254
      • Step 4: Verify AD and notice static route is hidden since it’s using lowest AD. Check with sh ip route on R1.
        • Lowest AD right now is 110, from default setup.
        • Static route AD is 254, so it remains hidden
            Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
          D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
          N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
          E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
          i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
          ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
          o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
          a - application route
          + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

  Gateway of last resort is not set

  O       172.16.0.0/16 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:19, GigabitEthernet0/0
          192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C           192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
  L           192.168.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
      • Step 5: Prioritize static route on R1 please, by shutting off OSPF all together, thus allowing static route
        •   conf t
  route ospf 1
  shutdown
  end
      • Step 6: Verify again !!
        • Static route has cost of 0 (Note: BGP can also have cost of 0)
            Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
          D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
          N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
          E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
          i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
          ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
          o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
          a - application route
          + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

  Gateway of last resort is not set

  S       172.16.0.0/16 [254/0] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:19, GigabitEthernet0/0
          192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C           192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
  L           192.168.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Simulation

SIMULATION 3: LAB

  • Topology Diagram:
  • We have a set of tasks and instructions…
    • Instructions:
      • OSPF and IP connections are pre-configured
      • Do not change IP and Do not change OSPF
      • For this setup, all next hops and connected interfaces are used to configure static routes
      • only exceptions are for load balancing or redudancy without floating static
      • Connection must be established between subnet 172.20.20.128/25 & LAN at 192.168.0.0/24 (Basically LAN and Internet needs to be connected)
    • Tasks:
      • Task 1: Connect SW1 LAN subnet in R2 (Router2)
        • Solution: make a static route
        • Recall: ip route <destination gateway network> <network masking> <origin int ip next hop address>
        • That outgoing address = next-hop-IP-to-SW1 : “Replace next-hop-IP-to-SW1” with the IP address of the interface on R2 that connects to SW1, or the IP of SW1 itself if it’s Layer 3 capable.
        •   en
  conf t
  ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.31.1
  copy run start
        • Destination network for LAN is 192.168.0.0 since for E0/1 it’s 192.168.0.1 (with a dot 1 notation)
        • Network masking is /24: hence it’s 255.255.255.0
        • outgoing address (on switch side?): we’re leaving through E0/0 without a doubt from R2. Hence the ip should be 10.10.31.1
      • Task 2: Connect Internet subnet to R1 Router
        • Solution: Setting default route and default gateway
        • Recall: 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 = default route. 10.10.13.3 = default gateway
        • Do these on R1
            en
  conf t
  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.10.13.3
  copy run start
        • 10.10.13.3 = default gateway since 10.10.13.0 is what R1 sees and .3 is the notation R2 receives
      • Task 3: Make a single static route in R2 to Internet subnet. Factor in redudancy links between R1 and R2. R2 default route is NOT ALLOWED.
        • Solution: First check OSPF and setup static route
        • Recall: sh ip route to view a partial routing table
        • Do these on R2
            en
  sh ip route

              o       10.10.1.1/32 [110/11] via 10.10.12.129, 00:43:32, Ethernet0/2
                          [110/11] via 10.10.12.1, 00:43:32, Ethernet 0/1

        Means that an OSPF to 10.10.1.1/32 load balancing w/ outgoing interfaces E0/2 and E0/1 already exist in R2 routing table

              conf t
      ip route 172.20.20.128 255.255.255.128 10.10.1.1 ???
      end
      copy run start

        or ip route 172.20.20.128 255.255.255.128 e0/2 and ip route 172.20.20.128 255.255.255.128 e0/1s

      • Task 4: Make a static route in R1 to Switch LAN subnet. Primary link must be E0/1, backup link must be E0/2 via floating route. Change AD/ Administractive distance if needed.
        • Solution: Check ip route and setup AD route, no need to set floating static route
        • Recall:
        • Do these on R1
            en
  sh ip route

              o       192.168.0.0/24 [110/20] via 10.10.12.130, 00:01:08, Ethernet0/2

              conf t
      ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.12.2
      end
      copy run start

        or maybe ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 e0/1

SIMULATION 15: LAB

  • Topology Diagram:
  • Description:
    • Physical Cables are in place
    • R4 and C1 are fully configured and cannot be accessed
    • R4 LAN interface use .4 in last octet for each subnet
    • Need to establish connection e2e
  • Tasks:
    • Task 1: Setup static routing to ensure R1 piroritize path to R2 to reach only PC1 on R4’s LAN
      • Ans: PC1 is the host route. Do these on R1, then on R2
      • Note: 10.0.41.10 is the computer IP
          en
  conf t
  ip route 10.0.41.10 255.255.255.255 e0/0
  end
  copy run start

            en
      conf t
      ip route 10.0.41.10 255.255.255.255 10.0.24.4
      end
      copy run start
    • Task 2: Setup static routing to ensure R1 traffic will take another path through R3 to PC1 during outage
      • Answer: Do these on R1, then R3
          en
  conf t
  ip route 10.0.41.10 255.255.255.255 e0/1 2
  end
  copy run start

      • The extra 2 at the end refers to AD = 2. Also this is the primary route

      • Answer: Do these on R1, then R3
          en
  conf t
  ip route 10.0.41.10 255.255.255.255 10.0.34.4
  end
  copy run start
    • Task 3: Setup default routes on R1 and R3 to internet while minimizing hops
      • Answer: Do these on R1, then R3
          en
  conf t
  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 e0/1
  end
  copy run start

            en
      conf t
      ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.201.1
      end
      copy run start

Lab 4:

Lab 4a: InterVLAN routing / Router-on-a-stick

  • Topology:
  • Step 1: Setup Sw1 (setup VLAN then setup trunk)
    • No need to create VLAN 1, since it’s default. But neeed to create vlan 2
          en
      conf t

      vlan2

      int g0/3
      switchport mode access
      switchport access vlan 1

      int g1/1
      switchport mode access
      switchport access vlan2

      int g0/2
      switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
      switchport mode trunk
      end
  • Step 2: Setup R1. Reset g0/2 and setup sub interfaces
    • Some notes:
      • no ip address = Removing all IPs
      • int g0/2.2 are entering sub-interfaces
    •   en
  conf t
        
  int g0/2
  no ip address
  no shutdown

  int g0/2.1
  encapsulation dot1q 1 native
  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
  no shutdown

  int g0/2.2
  encapsulation dot1q 2
  ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
  no shutdown
        
  end
  • Step 3: Setup R2. Setting up port and default gateway
    •   en
  conf t

  int g0/3
  ip address 10.0.0.100 255.0.0.0
  no shutdown
  exit

  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
  end
  • Step 4: Setup Sw2
    •   en
  conf t

  ip routing

  int g1/1
  no switchport
  ip address 172.16.0.200 255.255.0.0
  no shutdown
  exit

  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.1
  end
  • Step 5: Verify on R1 sh ip route, can also try pining 172.16.0.200

    • ```text Codes: L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP a - application route + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

      Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1 L 10.0.0.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1 172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2 L 172.16.0.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2

    ```

Lab 4b: Setting up routing labs

  • Back to the basics ~ Let’s check the topology:

  • Step 1: Setup R1
    •   en
  conf t

  int g0/1
  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
  no shut

  int g0/0
  ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
  no shut

  end
  • Step 2: Setup R2
    •   en
  conf t

  int g0/1
  ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
  no shut

  int g0/0
  ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
  no shut

  end
  • Step 3: Ping from R1 to 192.168.1.2 FAILS cuz no routes have been set up yet

Lab 4c: Static Routing (aka S)

  • Using the same topology:

  • Step 1: Setup Static Route for R1
    • Recall static route syntax… ip route <destination gateway network> <network masking> <origin int ip next hop address>
    •   en
  conf t
  ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.2
  end
  • Step 2: Verify with sh ip route
    •   Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
          D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
          N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
          E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
          i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
          ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
          o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
          a - application route
          + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

  Gateway of last resort is not set
          10.0.0.0/0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
  L       10.0.0.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
  S       172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
          192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C           192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
  L           192.168.1.0/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2

  • Step 3: NOW you can ping haha ping 172.16.0.2

  • Optional: Deleting static route with no ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.2

Lab 4d: Staic Default Routing (aka: 0.0.0.0, also S*)

  • Same topology again: Recall static default route syntax… ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <origin int ip next hop address>

  • Step 1: Setup R1
    •   en
  conf t
  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.2
  • Step 2: Verify and ping
    •   Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
          D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
          N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
          E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
          i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
          ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
          o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
          a - application route
          + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

  Gateway of last resort is not set
  S*      0.0.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
          10.0.0.0/0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
  L       10.0.0.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
          192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C           192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
  L           192.168.1.0/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
  • Optional: Please remove the static default route no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

Lab 4e: Static Host Route (Also S same as normal staic route but with 255.255.255.255)

  • Topology

  • Recall static route syntax… ip route <destination ip> <32 bit network masking> <origin int ip next hop address>

  • Step 1: Setup R1
    •   en
  conf t
  ip route 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.2
  end
  • Step 2: Verify and ping
    •   Codes:  L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
          D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
          N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
          E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
          i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2
          ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
          o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
          a - application route
          + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

  Gateway of last resort is not set
          10.0.0.0/0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
  L       10.0.0.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/2.1
          172.16.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
  S       172.16.0.2 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
          192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C           192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
  L           192.168.1.0/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
    • One difference I noticed is 172.16.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets is only is static host route, not in normal static route
  • Optional: Please remove the static default route no ip route 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.255

Lab 4f: Configuring basic OSPFv2 Broadcast

  • Topology with OSPF Area:

  • Step 1: Setup R2’s OSPF
    •   en
  conf t
  router ospf 1

  network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
  network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  end
  • Step 2: Setup R1’s OSPF
    •   en
  conf t
  router ospf 1

  network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
  network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  end
  • Step 3: From R1, Verify with sh ip route / ping 172.16.0.2 / sh ip ospf int g0/0 / sh ip ospf neighbor
    • sh ip ospf int g0/0 returns the following:
    • ```text GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0, Attached via Netwro kStatement Process ID 1, Router ID 191.168.1.1 Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1 Topology-MTID Cost Disabled Shutdown Topology Name 0 1 no no Base Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1 Desinated Router (ID) 192.168.1.2, Interface Address 192.168.1.2 Backup Designated Router (ID) 192.168.1.1, Interface Address 192.168.1.1 Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 oob-resync timeout 40 Hello due in 00:00:03 Supports Link-local SIgnaling (LLS) Cisco NSF helper support enabled IETF NSF helper support enabled Index 1/2/2, flood queue length 0 Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0) Last flood scan length 1, maximum is 2 Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.2 (Designated Router) Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

    ```

Lab 4g: Configuring OSPFv2 point-to-point routing

  • Topology with OSPF Area:

  • Step 1: Setup R1 with resetting OSPF (ensuring no DR and BDR)
    •   en
  conf t
  int g0/0
  ip ospf network point-to-point
  end

  clear ip ospf process
  yes
  • Step 2: Configure R2
    •   en
  conf t
  int g0/0
  ip ospf network point-to-point
  end

  clear ip ospf process
  yes
  • Step 3: Verify with sh ip ospf int g0/0
    • Notice: Router ID 1.1.1.1 Network Type POINT_TO_POINT ```text GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0, Attached via Netwro kStatement Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1 Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1 Topology-MTID Cost Disabled Shutdown Topology Name 0 1 no no Base Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1 Desinated Router (ID) 192.168.1.2, Interface Address 192.168.1.2 Backup Designated Router (ID) 192.168.1.1, Interface Address 192.168.1.1 Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 oob-resync timeout 40 Hello due in 00:00:03 Supports Link-local SIgnaling (LLS) Cisco NSF helper support enabled IETF NSF helper support enabled Index 1/2/2, flood queue length 0 Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)/0x0(0) Last flood scan length 1, maximum is 2 Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 1 msec Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.2 Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

    ```

Lab 4h: Floating static Routing

  • Recall for floating static routing (ip route <target gateway network> <wildcard mask of target gateway> <Next hop own int> <New AD Number>)

  • Topology with OSPF Area:

  • Step 1: R1. Hence now OSPF is main, Static Route is floating
    •   en
  conf t
  ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.2 111
  end
  • Step 2: Verify with sh ip route. You should see S.

    • ```text Codes: L - local, C - connected, s - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level 1, L2 - IS-IS level 2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP a - application route + - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from pfR

        Gateway of last resort is not set

      10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C       10.0.0.0/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1
  L       10.0.0.1/8 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/1
  S   172.16.0.0/16 [111/2] via 192.168.1.2
      192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
  C       192.168.1.0/24 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0
  L       192.168.1.1/32 is directly subnetted, GigabitEthernet0/0

    ```